Baggie Chemistry Experiments

Baggie Chemistry Experiments Overview An ordinary ziploc bag can unlock a world of interest in chemistry and in the reactions within and around us. In this project, safe materials are mixed to change colors and produce bubbles, heat, gas, and odor. Explore endothermic and exothermic chemical reactions and help students develop skills in observation, experimentation, and inference. These activities are targeted for students in grade 3, 4, and 5, although they may also be used for higher grade levels. Objectives The purpose is to generate student interest in chemistry. Students will observe, experiment, and learn to draw inferences. Materials These quantities are suitable for a group of 30 students to perform each activity 2-3 times: 5-6 plastic ziploc-style bags per lab group5-6 clear plastic vials or test tubes (may be used instead of baggies)1 gallon bromothymol blue indicator 10-ml graduated cylinders, one per lab groupteaspoons, 1-2 per lab group3 pounds calcium chloride (CaCl2, from chemical supply house or from store selling this type of road salt or laundry aid)1-1/2 pounds sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, baking soda) Activities Explain to the students that they will be performing chemical reactions, making observations about the results of these reactions, and then designing their own experiments to explain their observations and test hypotheses that they develop. It may be helpful to review the steps of the scientific method. First, direct the students to spend 5-10 minutes exploring the lab materials using all of their senses except taste. Have them write down their observations regarding the way the chemicals look and smell and feel, etc.Have the students explore what happens when the chemicals are mixed in baggies or test tubes. Demonstrate how to level a teaspoon and measure using a graduated cylinder so that students can record how much of a substance is used. For example, a student could mix a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate with 10 ml of bromothymol blue solution. What happens? How does this compare with the results of mixing a teaspoon of calcium chloride with 10 ml of indicator? What if a teaspoon of each solid and the indicator are mixed? Students should record what they mixed, including quantities, the time involved to see a reaction (warn them that everything will happen very fast!), the color, temperature, odor, or bubbles involved... anything they can record. There should be observations such as:Gets hot Gets coldTurns yellowTurns greenTurns blueProduces gasShow students how these observations can be written down to describe rudimentary chemical reactions. For example, calcium chloride bromothymol blue indicator heat. Have the students write out reactions for their mixtures.Next, students can design experiments to test hypotheses they develop. What do they expect to happen when quantities are changed? What would happen if two components are mixed before a third is added? Ask them to use their imagination.Discuss what happened and go over the meanings of the results.

Essential Things to Know About Shakespeares Sonnets

Essential Things to Know About Shakespeares Sonnets The collection of 154 Shakespeare sonnets remains some of the most important poems ever written in the English language. Indeed, the collection contains Sonnet 18 – ‘Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day?’ – described by many critics as the most romantic poem ever written. It is strange that, considering their literary importance, they were never supposed to be published! For Shakespeare, the sonnet was a private form of expression. Unlike his plays, which were written expressly for public consumption, there is evidence to suggest that Shakespeare never intended for his collection of 154 sonnets to be published. Publishing the Shakespeare Sonnets Although written in the 1590s, it wasn’t until 1609 that the Shakespeare sonnets were published. Around this time in Shakespeares biography, he was finishing his theatrical career in London and moving back to Stratford-upon-Avon to live out his retirement. It is likely that the 1609 publication was unauthorized because the text is riddled with errors and seems to be based on an unfinished draft of the sonnets – possibly obtained by the publisher through illegitimate means. To make things even more complicated, a different publisher released another edition of the sonnets in 1640 in which he edited the gender of the Fair Youth from â€Å"he† to â€Å"she†. A Breakdown of Shakespeare's Sonnets Although each sonnet in the 154-strong collection is a standalone poem, they do interlink to form an overarching narrative. In effect, this is a love story in which the poet pours adoration upon a young man. Later, a woman becomes the object of the poet’s desire. The two lovers are often used to breakdown the Shakespeare sonnets into chunks. The Fair Youth Sonnets:  Sonnets 1 to 126 are addressed to a young man known as the â€Å"fair youth†. Exactly what the relationship is, is unclear. Is it a loving friendship or something more? Is the poet’s love reciprocated? Or is it simply an infatuation? You can read more about this relationship in our introduction to the Fair Youth Sonnets.The Dark Lady Sonnets:  Suddenly, between sonnets 127 and 152, a woman enters the story and becomes the poet’s muse. She is described as a â€Å"dark lady† with unconventional beauty. This relationship is perhaps even more complex than the Faith Youth’s! Despite his infatuation, the poet describes her as â€Å"evil† and like a â€Å"bad angel†. You can read more about this relationship in our introduction to the  Dark Lady Sonnets.The Greek Sonnets:  The final two sonnets in the collection, sonnets 153 and 154, are completely different. The lovers disappear and the poet muses on the Roma n myth of Cupid. These sonnets act as a conclusion or summing up to the themes discussed throughout the sonnets. Literary Importance It is difficult to appreciate today how important Shakespeare’s sonnets were. At the time of writing, the Petrarchan sonnet form was extremely popular †¦ and predictable! They focused on unobtainable love in a very conventional way, but Shakespeare’s sonnets managed to stretch the strictly-obeyed conventions of sonnet writing into new areas. For example, Shakespeare’s depiction of love is far from courtly – it is complex, earthy and sometimes controversial: he plays with gender roles, love and evil are closely entwined and he speaks openly about sex. For example, the sexual reference that opens sonnet 129 is clear: The expense of spirit in a waste of shameIs lust in action: and till action, lust. In Shakespeare’s time, this was a revolutionary way of discussing love! Shakespeare, therefore, paved the way for modern romantic poetry. The sonnets remained relatively unpopular until Romanticism really kicked in during the nineteenth century. It was then that the Shakespeare sonnets were revisited and their literary importance secured.